1902 CHINESE Boxer Rebellion STEREOVIEW Chief Beheading CANTON CHINA Execution
Item History & Price
Kilburn
14893A Chief of the Boxers on the Executioner's cart, China•••••••••••••
Copyright 1902 by B.W. Kilburn
This rare antique original macabre stereoview is disturbing. This man was beheaded following this photo. Here is YOUR chance to own an ORIGINAL!
The Boxer Rebellion (拳亂), Boxer Uprising, or Yihetuan Movement (義和團運動) was an anti-foreign,... anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty. They were motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and by opposition to Western colonialism and the Christian missionary activity that was associated with it.
It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yihetuan), known in English as the Boxers, for many of their members had been practitioners of Chinese martial arts, also referred to in the west as Chinese Boxing. The uprising took place against a background that included severe drought and disruption caused by the growth of foreign spheres of influence. After several months of growing violence in Shandong and the North China plain against the foreign and Christian presence in June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners. Foreigners and Chinese Christians sought refuge in the Legation Quarter.
In response to reports of an armed invasion by allied American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian forces to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians, and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were detained for 55 days by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers.
Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, the Manchu General Ronglu (Junglu), later claimed he acted to protect the besieged foreigners. Many officials refused the imperial order to fight against foreigners in their Mutual Protection of Southeast China, because Qing had lost the First Sino-Japanese War five years before.
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20, 000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and arrived at Peking on August 14, relieving the siege of the Legations. Uncontrolled plunder of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with the summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers.
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silver—approximately $10 billion at 2018 silver prices and more than the government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved. The Empress Dowager then sponsored a set of institutional and fiscal changes in a failed attempt to save the dynasty.
所谓义和团运动是發生於1900年清朝末期,清朝甲午戰爭戰敗后,在西方列强划分在华势力范围、华北农村頻繁發生教案、天灾频仍及宫廷权力争斗激化的情况下,黄河北岸农民与中国天主教教徒之间的武装冲突。1900年春季直隶成千上万习练义和拳并號稱「义和团」的农民动用私刑处死了大量中國基督宗教信徒與西方人士,並纵火烧毁了教堂和教徒房屋;同年6月,清朝中央政府允许义和团进驻北京[7]。义和团又先于清军进攻天津租界,最终俄國、德國、法國、美國、日本、奧匈帝國、義大利、英國八国组建远征军引发八國聯軍之役。
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